Introduction to Philosophy

Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the First Edition Introduction: On the Study of Philosophy Part I: Philosophy and the Meaning of Life The Value of Philosophy, Bertrand Russell The Province of Philosophy, J.J.C. Smart The Absurd, Thomas Nagel Apology: Defence of Socrates, Plato Part II: God and Evil Introduction A. Why Believe? The Ontological Argument, Saint Anselm The Existence of God, Saint Thomas Aquinas The Wager, Blaise Pascal Why I Am Not a Theist, Bertrand Russell B. The Problem of Evil Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, David Hume God, Evil and the Best of All Possible Worlds, Gottfried Leibniz Hume on Evil, Nelson Pike Evil and Omnipotence, J.L. Mackie Part III: Knowledge and Reality Introduction A. Classics of Epistemology Meditations on First Philosophy, Rene Descartes Some Further Considerations Concerning Our Simple Ideas of Sensation, John Locke Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, George Berkeley Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses, David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume B. Perception The Argument from Illusion, A.J. Ayer The Argument from Illusion, J.L. Austin C. Induction, Causation, and Scientific Explanation The Problem of Induction, W.C. Salmon Causality and Determination, G.E.M. Anscombe Laws and Their Role in Scientific Explanation, Carl G. Hempel How to Defend Society Against Science, Paul Feyerabend Knowledge, Human Interests, and Objectivity in Feminist Epistemology, Elizabeth Anderson Part IV: Minds, Bodies, and Persons Introduction A. The Traditional Problem of Mind and Body The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds, Bertrand Russell Descartes's Myth, Gilbert Ryle The Nature of Mind, David M. Armstrong Mad Pain and Martian Pain, David Lewis Intentional Systems, Daniel Dennett Eliminative Materialism, Paul M. Churchland B. Minds, Brains, and Machines Turing Machines, Hilary Putnam Computing Machinery and Intelligence, A.M. Turing Minds, Brains, and Programs, John K. Searle C. Consciousness What Is It Like to Be a Bat?, Thomas Nagel What Mary Didn't Know, Frank Jackson Knowing What It's Like, David Lewis D. Personal Identity A Dialogue On Personal Identity and Immortality, John Perry E. Freedom, Determinism, and Responsibility Has the Self "Free Will"?, C.A. Campbell Of Liberty and Necessity, David Hume Freedom and Determinism, Richard Taylor Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person, Harry G. Frankfurt Freedom and Resentment, Peter Strawson Part V: Ethics and Society Introduction A. Utilitarianism The Principle of Utility, Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill Criticisms of Utilitarianism, E.F. Carritt Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism, J.J.C. Smart Utilitarianism and Integrity, Bernard Williams Famine, Affluence, and Morality, Peter Singer B. Kantian Ethics Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Immanuel Kant Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems, Onora O'Neill War and Massacre, Thomas Nagel C. Aristotelian Ethics